Convergence and Divergence in the Regulation of Capital Punishment in Indonesia and Thailand: Implications for Criminal Law Reform in Southeast Asia
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Hukuman mati tetap menjadi salah satu sanksi paling diperdebatkan dalam hukum pidana, memunculkan pertanyaan mengenai efektivitas penegakan dan perlindungan hak asasi manusia. Indonesia dan Thailand, keduanya negara retensionis di Asia Tenggara, mempertahankan hukuman mati meskipun memiliki karakteristik regulasi dan lintasan reformasi berbeda. Studi ini menganalisis konvergensi dan divergensi regulasi hukuman mati di kedua yurisdiksi serta mengkaji implikasinya bagi reformasi hukum pidana di Asia Tenggara. Menggunakan metode hukum komparatif normatif yang menggabungkan pendekatan statuta, konseptual, dan fungsional, studi ini mengacu pada bahan hukum primer, termasuk perundang-undangan dan instrumen internasional seperti ICCPR dan Protokol Opsional Kedua, serta literatur terindeks Scopus. Temuan menunjukkan kedua negara berkonvergensi dalam mempertahankan hukuman mati untuk kejahatan serius, khususnya pembunuhan berencana dan kejahatan narkotika, namun berdivergensi dalam model reformasi. KUHP Indonesia tahun 2023 memperkenalkan hukuman mati bersyarat dengan masa percobaan sepuluh tahun yang memungkinkan komutasi, sementara Thailand menempuh model restriktif yang mempersempit cakupan delik pidana mati serta mengatur prosedur eksekusi. Kedua negara belum meratifikasi Protokol Opsional Kedua; reformasi mencerminkan akomodasi domestik terhadap Pasal 6 ICCPR, bukan penghapusan yang diwajibkan perjanjian internasional. Dengan teori divergensi hukum Nelken, studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa tekanan internasional yang sama menghasilkan jalur reformasi berbeda yang termediasi domestik, bukan konvergensi regional seragam menuju satu model.
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