The expansion of the video game industry in Indonesia has intensified modding as a form of digital creativity while also exposing uncertainty over the legal boundaries of copyright protection for game characters. This article examines the legal status of video game characters, the qualification of unauthorized modding under Indonesian copyright law, and the regulatory reconstruction required to address the resulting grey areas. The study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, comparative, and case approaches. Its principal legal materials include Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright, digital-law instruments, derivative-work doctrine, end-user licence agreements, technological protection measures, and scholarship on modding practices. The analysis finds that modding involving adaptation, transformation, public distribution, commercialization, or circumvention of technological protection measures may engage the exclusive rights of copyright holders, while private, non-commercial and non-distributive modifications remain less clearly regulated. The article develops a three-tier regulatory framework combining risk-based legal classification, institutionalized community licensing, and proportionate platform accountability. This framework is intended to protect legitimate copyright interests without eliminating socially valuable forms of participatory digital creativity.

Urban waste management at the Bantar Gebang Integrated Waste Management Site (TPST) faces various challenges in achieving sustainable development while fulfilling government responsibilities. This study analyzes the fulfillment of the environmental dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), together with the legal constraints and implications of the accountability of the Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta. The findings show that the fulfillment of the SDGs, particularly Goals 11, 12, and 13, remains suboptimal because open dumping continues to be prioritized in the waste-management process despite its prohibition under Law Number 18 of 2008. This condition has indirectly contributed to the accumulation of 55 million tons of waste, environmental pollution, and a waste landslide that killed several people in March 2026. The main obstacles to effective waste management include ambiguity in cross-jurisdictional authority between Jakarta and Bekasi, dependence on environmentally unfriendly technology, and weak administrative-law enforcement. The legal implications include non-compliance with administrative sanctions, the potential for class actions and citizen lawsuits under Law Number 32 of 2009, and the designation of the former Head of the DKI Jakarta Environmental Agency as a criminal suspect. The study concludes that government accountability remains ineffective and requires systemic and governance improvements, including source-based waste reduction, optimization of environmentally friendly technology, and stronger interregional coordination.

This article examines how educational management can be reconstructed as a governance mechanism for fulfilling and protecting students' rights within Indonesian education law, particularly following the 2026 regulatory shift toward a Safe and Comfortable School Culture. Using normative legal research, the study combines statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials include constitutional guarantees, education, child-protection, disability and personal-data legislation, as well as the latest school-management and safe-school regulations. Secondary materials comprise recent Indonesian and international peer-reviewed scholarship on education rights, inclusion, student voice, school leadership, safety and institutional accountability. The analysis finds that students' rights extend beyond formal access to schooling and encompass continuity of learning, substantive equality, physical and psychological safety, sociocultural and digital security, reasonable accommodation, meaningful participation, accessible complaints and effective remedy. The article develops a Rights-Based School Governance (RBSG) model with six interdependent dimensions: legal alignment and rights mapping; inclusive planning and equitable resource allocation; a safe and dignified learning environment; meaningful student participation; accessible complaint, response and remedy; and rights-based monitoring, evaluation and accountability. The model translates abstract legal duties into auditable managerial processes while preserving professional authority and institutional proportionality.

This article examines how educational management can operate as a governance mechanism for fulfilling and protecting students' rights within Indonesian education law following the 2026 Safe and Comfortable School Culture reform. The study uses normative legal research combining statutory and conceptual approaches with a structured purposive review of relevant scholarship. The analysis maps legal bases, duty-bearers, managerial functions, implementation mechanisms, and auditable evidence. The findings organize students' rights into access and continuity, equality, safety, reasonable accommodation, participation, and accessible complaint and remedy. From this synthesis, the article proposes a Rights-Based School Governance (RBSG) model with six parallel dimensions: legal alignment and rights mapping; inclusive planning and equitable resource allocation; a safe and dignified learning environment; meaningful student participation; accessible complaint, response and remedy; and rights-based monitoring, evaluation and accountability. The model translates legal duties into process ownership, documentary evidence, proportional safeguards, and review triggers while also recognizing procedural protection for educators. RBSG is a normative construction rather than an empirically validated intervention. Its feasibility, administrative burden, indicator validity, and effects on safety, inclusion, trust in complaint mechanisms, and continuity of learning therefore remain propositions for future multi-site empirical testing.