Rights-Based School Governance in Indonesia: Reconstructing Educational Management for Student Protection Under the 2026 Safe and Comfortable School Culture Framework
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Abstract
This article examines how educational management can be reconstructed as a governance mechanism for fulfilling and protecting students' rights within Indonesian education law, particularly following the 2026 regulatory shift toward a Safe and Comfortable School Culture. Using normative legal research, the study combines statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials include constitutional guarantees, education, child-protection, disability and personal-data legislation, as well as the latest school-management and safe-school regulations. Secondary materials comprise recent Indonesian and international peer-reviewed scholarship on education rights, inclusion, student voice, school leadership, safety and institutional accountability. The analysis finds that students' rights extend beyond formal access to schooling and encompass continuity of learning, substantive equality, physical and psychological safety, sociocultural and digital security, reasonable accommodation, meaningful participation, accessible complaints and effective remedy. The article develops a Rights-Based School Governance (RBSG) model with six interdependent dimensions: legal alignment and rights mapping; inclusive planning and equitable resource allocation; a safe and dignified learning environment; meaningful student participation; accessible complaint, response and remedy; and rights-based monitoring, evaluation and accountability. The model translates abstract legal duties into auditable managerial processes while preserving professional authority and institutional proportionality.
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LEGISLATION AND REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2003 Nomor 78, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4301).
Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2005 tentang Pengesahan International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2005 Nomor 118, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4557).
Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2011 tentang Pengesahan Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2011 Nomor 107, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5251).
Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2014 Nomor 297, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5606).
Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2016 tentang Penyandang Disabilitas (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2016 Nomor 69, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5871).
Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi.
Keputusan Presiden Nomor 36 Tahun 1990 tentang Pengesahan Convention on the Rights of the Child (Konvensi tentang Hak-Hak Anak).
Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Nomor 26 Tahun 2025 tentang Standar Pengelolaan pada Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, Jenjang Pendidikan Dasar, dan Jenjang Pendidikan Menengah (Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2025 Nomor 1079).
Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Nomor 4 Tahun 2026 tentang Perlindungan bagi Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan (Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2026 Nomor 13).
Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Nomor 6 Tahun 2026 tentang Budaya Sekolah Aman dan Nyaman (Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2026 Nomor 11).