Criminalizing Non-Consensual Sexual Deepfakes in Indonesia: Reconstructing Consent, Harm, and Digital Sexual Violence
Main Article Content
Abstract
Generative artificial intelligence enables the creation of synthetic sexual representations depicting an identifiable person even though no real sexual event occurred. This article evaluates the adequacy of Indonesian criminal law after the national Criminal Code entered into force on 2 January 2026 through normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and limited comparative approaches. Each regime is tested against the protected legal interest, conduct verbs, mens rea, victim and consent elements, stage of conduct, and available remedies. The study finds a partial normative gap: the Sexual Violence Crimes Law, Electronic Information and Transactions Law, Pornography Law, and Personal Data Protection Law can reach distribution, unlawful data processing, or particular forms of conduct, but Article 14 of the Sexual Violence Crimes Law does not, consistently with lex certa, clearly cover the creation of a new synthetic sexual file. As a de lege ferenda proposal, the article formulates a sexual-autonomy-based offence requiring identifiability, sexual character, intent, and specific absence of consent. The model distinguishes creation/manipulation, threats or coercive use, distribution, monetization, and repeated dissemination; treats actual harm as an aggravating factor; and separates criminal liability from regulatory duties concerning removal, preservation, and anti-reupload measures. Exceptions are assessed through necessity and proportionality to avoid overcriminalization.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Alghiffary, Habil Huda, Mohamad Rapik, and Dheny Wahyudhi. “Dalam Pusaran Deepfake Pornografi: Menakar Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Platform Digital.” PAMPAS: Journal of Criminal Law 7, no. 1 (2026). https://doi.org/10.22437/pampas.v7i1.53737.
Flynn, Asher, Anastasia Powell, Adrian J. Scott, and Elena Cama. “Deepfakes and Digitally Altered Imagery Abuse: A Cross-Country Exploration of an Emerging Form of Image-Based Sexual Abuse.” The British Journal of Criminology 62, no. 6 (2022): 1341–1358. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azab111.
Faturrachman SY., Muhammad. “Deepfake Pornografi: Studi Konstitusi dan Penegakannya di Indonesia.” Legislatif 8, no. 2 (2025): 113–128. https://doi.org/10.20956/jl.v8i2.44186.
Gotora, Ngonidzaishe T. “Unmasking Deception: Deepfake Regulation in the Context of South African Law, Could a Rethinking of Performers’ Protection Rights Be the Answer?” International Journal of Law and Information Technology 32 (2024): eaae026. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaae026.
Hidayah, Siti Nur, and Gunawan Hadi Purwanto. “Legal Protection of Victims of AI-Driven Deepfake Pornography: An Analysis within Indonesian Law.” Al-Risalah Jurnal Ilmu Syariah dan Hukum 26, no. 1 (2026): 917–935. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-risalah.vi.63687.
Hörnle, Julia. “Fighting the Beast of Image-Based Sexual Abuse. Part 1—the Criminal Law and Platform Regulation.” International Journal of Law and Information Technology 34 (2026): eaag006. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaag006.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2008 tentang Pornografi.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2026 tentang Penyesuaian Pidana.
Isnawan, Fuadi. “Deepfake Pornography: How Criminal Liability of Perpetrators in the Indonesian Criminal Law Framework.” Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 13, no. 3 (2024): 745–771. https://doi.org/10.24843/JMHU.2024.v13.i03.p15.
Kuźnicka-Błaszkowska, Dominika, and Nadiya Kostyuk. “Emerging Need to Regulate Deepfakes in International Law: The Russo–Ukrainian War as an Example.” Journal of Cybersecurity 11, no. 1 (2025): tyaf008. https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyaf008.
Maskun, Nur Azisa, Muhammad Mutawalli Mukhlis, M. Aris Munandar, and Arnita Pratiwi Arifin. “Additional Criminal Revocation of Access to Online Communication Devices for Perpetrators of Electronic-Based Sexual Violence.” Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies 10, no. 2 (2025): 451–486. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v10i2.23100.
McGlynn, Clare, and Carlotta Rigotti. “From Virtual Rape to Meta-rape: Sexual Violence, Criminal Law and the Metaverse.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 45, no. 3 (2025): 554–582. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqaf009.
Nitha, Fitha Ayun Lutvia, Ali Masyhar, Achmad Cholidin, M. Ridho Ilahi, and Amalina Zukhrufatul Bahriyah. “Optimalisasi Implementasi UU TPKS: Tantangan dan Solusi dalam Upaya Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual di Indonesia.” Masalah-Masalah Hukum 53, no. 1 (2024): 90–100. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.53.1.2024.90-100.
Putra, Komang Bagus Wicaksana, and Gusti Ayu Arya Prima Dewi. “Urgensi Pengaturan Tindak Pidana Deepfake Pornografi di Indonesia.” Kertha Wicara: Journal Ilmu Hukum 13, no. 10 (2024): 530–541. https://doi.org/10.24843/KW.2024.v13.i10.p5.
Ramiyanto. “Bukti Elektronik sebagai Alat Bukti yang Sah dalam Hukum Acara Pidana.” Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 6, no. 3 (2017): 463–484. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.6.3.2017.463-484.
Rigotti, Carlotta, Clare McGlynn, and Franziska Benning. “Image-Based Sexual Abuse and EU Law: A Critical Analysis.” German Law Journal 25, no. 9 (2024): 1472–1493. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2024.49.
Sandoval, Maria-Paz, Maria de Almeida Vau, John Solaas, and Luano Rodrigues. “Threat of Deepfakes to the Criminal Justice System: A Systematic Review.” Crime Science 13 (2024): 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-024-00239-1.
Sirait, Kevin David, Arman Saut Rivando, Cecilia Angel, Zico Ricardo Aritonang, and Lenny Maria Aritonang. “Pertanggungjawaban Pidana atas Deepfake AI dalam Produksi dan Distribusi Pornografi Digital di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis 7, no. 7 (2026). https://doi.org/10.56370/jhlg.v7i7.3458.
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. Putusan Nomor 20/PUU-XIV/2016.
Zakariya, Rizki, Yogi Prastia, and Siti Ismaya. “Revitalisasi Pengaturan Penanganan Bukti Elektronik dalam Proses Perkara Pidana di Indonesia.” Legislatif 3, no. 1 (2020): 134–150. https://doi.org/10.20956/jl.v3i1.10211.