Bond-Based Legal Immunity and the Rule of Law: A Comparative Study of Indonesia’s Patriot and Merah Putih Bonds With Argentina’s Treasury Bond Amnesty Scheme
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the legal protection attached to special sovereign debt instruments in Indonesia through Patriot Bonds and Merah Putih Bonds under Article 50A of Law No. 4 of 2026 amending Law No. 4 of 2023 on Financial Sector Development and Strengthening, and compares it with Argentina’s asset-disclosure and tax-regularization regime under Law No. 27,260 of 2016, including the bond-related facilities provided within that framework. The study employs statutory financial immunity as an analytical category rather than as an established statutory classification to evaluate whether exceptional investor protection extends beyond legitimate investment certainty and materially limits ordinary criminal, civil, tax, evidentiary, or investigative mechanisms. The central issue concerns the tension between investor protection and state-financing objectives, on the one hand, and the rule of law, accountability, tax transparency, and anti-money laundering enforcement, on the other. Using a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, historical, and comparative-law approaches, the study analyzes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials through systematic, historical, conceptual, and comparative interpretation. The findings show that the Indonesian framework attaches significant statutory protection directly to qualifying purchases of Patriot Bonds and Merah Putih Bonds, whereas Argentina links bond-related benefits to prior asset disclosure, fiscal regularization, eligibility requirements, and continuing compliance obligations. The comparison further demonstrates that legal protection affecting prosecution, taxation, evidentiary use of financial data, and access to information requires clear limitations, source-of-funds safeguards, and effective institutional oversight. The study concludes that the Indonesian framework may be characterized as a potential bond-based model of statutory financial immunity only where the operative legal provisions cumulatively satisfy the conceptual criteria developed in this study. Any such protection can be normatively justified only if it remains limited, conditional, proportionate, risk-based, and compatible with effective enforcement against money laundering, tax crimes, and other serious economic offences.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Alstadsæter, Annette, Niels Johannesen, Ségal Le Guern Herry, dan Gabriel Zucman. “Tax evasion and tax avoidance.” Journal of Public Economics 206 (Februari 2022): 104587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104587.
Antony, Antony, Lu Sudirman, dan Ampuan Situmeang. “Legal Research Methodology as a Critical Epistemological Framework for Legal Argumentation and Legal Development.” Barelang Journal of Legal Studies 4, no. 1 (2026): 21–49. https://doi.org/10.37253/barjoules.v4i1.12379.
Arif Nasution, Aulia, Sunarmi, Mahmud Mulyadi, dan Mohammad Ekaputra. “Penyidikan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang Sebagai Alat Untuk Mencari ‘Beneficial Owner’ Dalam Perkara Asal Kepabeanan Dan Cukai.” Neoclassical Legal Review: Journal of Law and Contemporary Issues 2, no. 1 (April 2023): 36–41. https://doi.org/10.32734/nlr.v2i1.11476.
Armen, Rio Erismen, Engku Rabiah Adawiah Engku Ali, dan Gemala Dewi. “Enabling beneficial right for sovereign ṣukūk issuance in Indonesia: challenges and analysis.” International Journal of Law and Management 65, no. 6 (Oktober 2023): 701–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-12-2022-0270.
Arrigoni, Matteo, dan Enrico Rino Restelli. “Proportionality in the European Banking Law.Lessons from Silicon Valley Bank.” European Company and Financial Law Review 20, no. 5–6 (Februari 2024): 936–63. https://doi.org/10.1515/ecfr-2023-0031.
Barone, Raffaella, Donato Masciandaro, dan Friedrich Schneider. “Corruption and money laundering: You scratch my back, i’ll scratch yours.” Metroeconomica 73, no. 1 (Februari 2022): 318–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/meca.12365.
Canavire-Bacarreza, Gustavo, Huáscar Eguino, Lorena Heller, dan Soraya Roman. “When do tax amnesties work?” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 207 (Maret 2023): 350–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.12.018.
Chitimira, Howard, dan Sharon Munedzi. “Overview international best practices on customer due diligence and related anti-money laundering measures.” Journal of Money Laundering Control 26, no. 7 (Desember 2023): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-07-2022-0102.
Cormier, Ben. “Democracy, public debt transparency, and sovereign creditworthiness.” Governance 36, no. 1 (Januari 2023): 209–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12668.
Darmayasa, I Nyoman, Nyoman Sentosa Hardika, I Made Marsa Arsana, dan I Made Agus Putrayasa. “Accountants’ perspective on tax amnesty enhances tax compliance dimensions in extended slippery slope framework.” Cogent Business & Management 11, no. 1 (Desember 2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2358161.
Disemadi, Hari Sutra. “Lensa Penelitian Hukum: Esai Deskriptif tentang Metodologi Penelitian Hukum.” Journal of Judicial Review 24, no. 2 (2022): 289–304. https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v 24i2.7280.
Ferrara, Giancarlo, Valeria Bucci, dan Arianna Campagna. “Audit, presumptive taxation and efficiency: An integrated approach for tax compliance analysis.” Economic Systems 47, no. 3 (September 2023): 101099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2023.101099.
Gasco-Hernandez, Mila, J. Ramon Gil-Garcia, dan Luis F. Luna-Reyes. “Unpacking the role of technology, leadership, governance and collaborative capacities in inter-agency collaborations.” Government Information Quarterly 39, no. 3 (Juli 2022): 101710. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GIQ.2022.101710.
Gil, Patricia, Justin Holz, John A. List, Andrew Simon, dan Alejandro Zentner. “Toward an understanding of tax amnesty take-up: Evidence from a natural field experiment.” Journal of Public Economics 239 (November 2024): 105245. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPUBECO.2024.105245.
Gilchrist, Simon, Bin Wei, Vivian Z. Yue, dan Egon Zakrajšek. “Sovereign risk and financial risk.” Journal of International Economics 136 (Mei 2022): 103603. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JINTECO.2022.103603.
Godar, Sarah, Giulia Aliprandi, Tommaso Faccio, Petr Janský, dan Katia Toledo Ruiz. “The long way to tax transparency: lessons from the early publishers of country-by-country reports.” International Tax and Public Finance 31, no. 2 (April 2024): 593–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-023-09818-5.
Grassi, Laura, dan Davide Lanfranchi. “RegTech in public and private sectors: the nexus between data, technology and regulation.” Journal of Industrial and Business Economics 49, no. 3 (September 2022): 441–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-022-00226-0.
Gullo, Valentina, dan Pierluigi Montalbano. “Financial transparency and anomalous portfolio investment flows: A gravity analysis.” Journal of International Money and Finance 128 (November 2022): 102704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2022.102704.
Haffke, Lars. “Biases in risk assessments under EU anti-money laundering law – evidence of the better-than-average effect from Germany.” Journal of Money Laundering Control 26, no. 4 (Mei 2023): 751–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-03-2022-0045.
Hapsari, Sulvia Triana, Abdul Madjid, dan Nurini Aprilianda. “Confiscation Of Assets In Economic Crime.” Audito Comparative Law Journal (ACLJ) 3, no. 2 (September 2022): 31–43. https://doi.org/10.22219/aclj.v3i2.22185.
Havizh, Muhammad Ammar. “Perlindungan Hukum Investor Dalam Perdagangan Waran Terstruktur di Indonesia Berdasarkan Perspektif Hukum Pasar Modal.” Jurist-Diction 5, no. 2 (Maret 2022): 643–62. https://doi.org/10.20473/jd.v5i2.34900.
Hayble-Gomes, Emmanuel. “The use of predictive modeling to identify relevant features for suspicious activity reporting.” Journal of Money Laundering Control 26, no. 4 (Juni 2023): 806–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-02-2022-0034.
Henckels, Caroline. “Justifying the Protection of Legitimate Expectations in International Investment Law: Legal Certainty and Arbitrary Conduct.” ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal 38, no. 2 (September 2023): 347–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/siac027.
Honig, Dan, Ranjit Lall, dan Bradley C. Parks. “When Does Transparency Improve Institutional Performance? Evidence from 20,000 Projects in 183 Countries.” American Journal of Political Science 67, no. 4 (Oktober 2023): 1096–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12698.
Hutahayan, Benny, Mohamad Fadli, Satria Amiputra Amimakmur, dan Reka Dewantara. “Investment decision, legal certainty and its determinant factors: evidence from the Indonesia Stock Exchange.” Cogent Business & Management 11, no. 1 (Desember 2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2332950.
Indriastuty, Dwi Elok, dan Nur Hidayatul Fithri. “Promotion of Sustainable Social Bonds Base on Indonesia’s Constitutional Perspective.” Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 24, no. 3 (November 2024): 265–78. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2024.V24.265-278.
Isnaini, Isnaini, Joni Emirzon, dan Ridwan Ridwan. “Automatic exchange of financial information from the perspective of tax fairness and transparency.” JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia) 10, no. 4 (November 2024): 480–90. https://doi.org/10.29210/020243291.
Jong, Marielle de, dan Laurens Swinkels. “The Capital-Protection Capacity of Emerging Markets Inflation-Linked Bonds.” The Journal of Portfolio Management 48, no. 8 (Juli 2022): 127–38. https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2022.1.374.
Kabbach‐de‐Castro, Luiz Ricardo, Henrique Castro Martins, Eduardo Schiehll, dan Paulo Renato Soares Terra. “Investment–cash flow sensitivity and investor protection.” Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 50, no. 7–8 (Juli 2023): 1402–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12645.
Ke, T. Tony, dan K. Sudhir. “Privacy Rights and Data Security: GDPR and Personal Data Markets.” Management Science 69, no. 8 (Agustus 2022): 4389–4412. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4614.
Khan, Muhammad Arsalan, dan Heru Tjaraka. “Tax justice and understanding: MSME compliance with Tax Regulation No. 55/2022 in Surabaya, Indonesia.” Cogent Business & Management 11, no. 1 (Desember 2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2396042.
Koch, Christian, dan Cornelius Müller. “Tax amnesties and the insurance effect: An experimental study.” Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 108 (Februari 2024): 102130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2023.102130.
Kochenov, Dimitry Vladimirovich, dan Nikos Lavranos. “Achmea versus the Rule of Law: CJEU’s Dogmatic Dismissal of Investors’ Rights in Backsliding Member States of the European Union.” Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 14, no. 2–3 (Desember 2022): 195–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-021-00153-7.
Lagerwaard, Pieter, dan Marieke de Goede. “In trust we share: The politics of financial intelligence sharing.” Economy and Society 52, no. 2 (April 2023): 202–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2023.2175451.
Lauletta, Maximiliano, dan Felipe Montano Campos. “Is the forgiveness of a tax amnesty divine? Evidence from Argentina.” International Tax and Public Finance 31, no. 5 (Oktober 2024): 1229–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-023-09799-5.
Levi, Michael. “Lawyers as money laundering enablers? An evolving and contentious relationship.” Global Crime 23, no. 2 (April 2022): 126–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2089122.
Lisanawati, Go. “Unravelling Legal Issues Related to Financial Transactions in Money Laundering.” AML/CFT Journal: The Journal of Anti Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism 1, no. 2 (Juni 2023): 183–204. https://doi.org/10.59593/amlcft.2023.v1i2.59.
Londoño-Vélez, Juliana, dan Dario Tortarolo. “Revealing 21% of GDP in hidden assets: Evidence from Argentina.” Journal of Public Economics 250 (Oktober 2025): 105471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105471.
Lupo-Pasini, Federico. “Sustainable Finance and Sovereign Debt: The Illusion to Govern by Contract.” Journal of International Economic Law 25, no. 4 (Desember 2022): 680–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgac047.
McNulty, David, Andrea Miglionico, dan Alistair Milne. “Data Access Technologies and the ‘New Governance’ Techniques of Financial Regulation.” Journal of Financial Regulation 9, no. 2 (Oktober 2023): 225–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/jfr/fjad008.
Menz, Mario. “It is best to say nothing at all – suspicious activity reporting in the financial services sector.” Journal of Financial Crime 31, no. 2 (Maret 2024): 302–10. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-04-2023-0090.
Mosley, Layna, dan B Peter Rosendorff. “Government Choices of Debt Instruments.” International Studies Quarterly 67, no. 2 (Juni 2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqad030.
Ngelo, Agnes Aurora, Yani Permatasari, Iman Harymawan, Nadia Anridho, dan Khairul Anuar Kamarudin. “Corporate Tax Avoidance and Investment Efficiency: Evidence from the Enforcement of Tax Amnesty in Indonesia.” Economies 10, no. 10 (Oktober 2022): 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10100251.
Nuryanah, Siti, dan Gunawan Gunawan. “Tax amnesty and taxpayers’ noncompliant behaviour: evidence from Indonesia.” Cogent Business & Management 9, no. 1 (Desember 2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2111844.
Ofoeda, Isaac, Elikplimi Agbloyor, dan Joshua Yindenaba Abor. “Financial sector development, anti-money laundering regulations and economic growth.” International Journal of Emerging Markets 19, no. 1 (Januari 2024): 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-12-2021-1823.
Ogbeide, Henry, Mary Elizabeth Thomson, Mustafa Sinan Gonul, Andrew Castairs Pollock, Sanjay Bhowmick, dan Abdullahi Usman Bello. “The anti-money laundering risk assessment: A probabilistic approach.” Journal of Business Research 162 (Juli 2023): 113820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113820.
Olmos Giupponi, Belen, dan Hong-Lin Yu. “Analysing Obstacles and Challenges in Fighting Corruption in Cases of Illegal Investments.” Laws 11, no. 4 (Juli 2022): 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11040059.
Ony Thoyib Hadi Wijaya, Kirana Salsabilla Citra Wijaya, dan Yohanes Jentanu Nelson. “Penerapan KYC Melalui CDD dan EDD Dalam Upaya Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Money Laundering dan Terorisme Pada Pengguna Jasa Keuangan.” E-Bisnis : Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Bisnis 17, no. 1 (Juli 2024): 217–25. https://doi.org/10.51903/e-bisnis.v17i1.1861.
Ooms, Marissa E. A. A. M. “Risk-based due diligence reporting in global mineral supply chains and the rule through transparency.” The Theory and Practice of Legislation 10, no. 1 (Januari 2022): 48–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2022.2033943.
Papantoniou, Alexandros A. “Regtech: steering the regulatory spaceship in the right direction?” Journal of Banking and Financial Technology 6, no. 1 (Juni 2022): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42786-022-00038-9.
Passadore, Juan, dan Yu Xu. “Illiquidity in sovereign debt markets.” Journal of International Economics 137 (Juli 2022): 103618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103618.
Putra, Iwan, Urip Sulistiyo, Enggar Diah, Sri Rahayu, dan Syurya Hidayat. “The Influence Of Internal Audit, Risk Management, Whistleblowing System And Big Data Analytics On The Financial Crime Behavior Prevention.” Cogent Economics & Finance 10, no. 1 (Desember 2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2148363.
Ramadianto, Anang Riyan, dan Bayu Akbar Wicaksono. “Countering The Crimes of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in Indonesia Digital Banking: A Legal Approach Perspectives.” Indonesian Journal of Counter Terrorism and National Security 2, no. 2 (Juli 2023). https://doi.org/10.15294/ijctns.v2i2.66841.
Ranjan, Prabhash. “Investor-state dispute settlement and tax matters: limitations on state’s sovereign right to tax.” Asia Pacific Law Review 31, no. 1 (Januari 2023): 219–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2022.2102588.
Razali, Rosnazida, Ida Suriya Ismail, dan Nadiah Abd Hamid. “Tax Voluntary Disclosure and Tax Amnesty: A Systematic Literature Review.” IPN Journal of Research and Practice in Public Sector Accounting and Management 15, no. 1 (Juni 2025): 99–116. https://doi.org/10.58458/ipnj.v15.01.05.0114.
Reid, Natalie L, dan Romain Zamour. “State Responsibility and Corruption in the Context of Investor-State Disputes.” ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal 37, no. 1–2 (Agustus 2022): 272–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/siab050.
Ririn Puspita Dewi, dan Diana Wiyanti. “Perlindungan Hukum Nasabah atas Peretasan Data Pribadi ditinjau dari Undang Undang.” Jurnal Riset Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 2 (Desember 2024): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.29313/jrih.v4i2.5193.
Risanto, Risanto, dan Arief Hakim P. Lubis. “Novum and Unrevealed Data in Tax Disputes In Indonesia: A Legal Certainty Perspective.” Journal of Tax Law and Policy 1, no. 2 (September 2022): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.56282/jtlp.v1i2.95.
Riyan Ramadianto, Anang, Dharma Setiawan Negara, Chita Askarya, dan Larmi Kristiani. “Can Indonesia’s Digital Banks Combat PEPs and Financial Crimes?” Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (IJCLC) 6, no. 2 (Juli 2025): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.18196/ijclc.v6i2.26038.
Rofingi, Rofingi, Umi Rozah, dan Adifyan Rahmat Asga. “Problems of Law Enforcement in Realizing The Principle of Equality Before The Law in Indonesia.” LAW REFORM 18, no. 2 (Agustus 2022): 222–37. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v18i2.47477.
Safuan, Sugiharso, Muzafar Shah Habibullah, dan Eric Alexander Sugandi. “Eradicating tax evasion in Indonesia through financial sector development.” Cogent Economics & Finance 10, no. 1 (Desember 2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2114167.
Sakellaraki, Anna. “EU Asset Recovery and Confiscation Regime – Quo Vadis ? A First Assessment of the Commission’s Proposal to Further Harmonise the EU Asset Recovery and Confiscation Laws. A Step in the Right Direction?” New Journal of European Criminal Law 13, no. 4 (Desember 2022): 478–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/20322844221139577.
Salomo Jitmau, Sokhib Naim, dan Muh Akhdharisa SJ. “Implementation of the Principle of Equality Before the Law in the Dynamics of Indonesian Law.” JUSTISI 11, no. 2 (April 2025): 441–55. https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v11i2.4088.
Shalihah, Fithriatus, dan Roos Niza Mohd Shariff. “Identifying Barriers To Data Protection And Investor Privacy in Equity Crowdfunding.” UUM Journal of Legal Studies 13, no. 2 (2022): 215–42. https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2022.13.2.9.
Shandietrysno, Adrianus Jeffri, Zahry Vandawati Chumaida, dan Bambang Sugeng Ariadi Subagyono. “Legal Protection For Investors of Government Bonds Whose Clauses Do Not Have A Maturity Period.” Nagari Law Review 7, no. 1 (Agustus 2023): 14–28. https://doi.org/10.25077/nalrev.v.7.i.1.p.14-28.2023.
Simanjuntak, Marsinta. “Disgorgement Fund untuk mewujudkan Corrective Justice sebagai upaya perlindungan hukum kepada investor di pasar modal.” Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 23, no. 4 (Desember 2023): 473–82. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2023.V23.473-482.
Simanjutak, Efendi Lod, dan Anatoliy Kostruba. “Application of Universal Jurisdiction Principles to Cross-Country Money Laundering.” LAW REFORM 19, no. 1 (April 2023): 40–60. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v19i1.48966.
Smit, Lise, Claire Bright, dan Stuart Neely. “Muddying the Waters: The Concept of a ‘Safe Harbour’ in Understanding Human Rights Due Diligence.” Business and Human Rights Journal 8, no. 1 (Februari 2023): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2022.40.
Spamann, Holger. “Indirect Investor Protection: The Investment Ecosystem and Its Legal Underpinnings.” Journal of Legal Analysis 14, no. 1 (September 2022): 17–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/laac003.
Spreen, Thomas Luke, dan Ed Gerrish. “Taxes and tax‐exempt bonds: A literature review.” Journal of Economic Surveys 36, no. 4 (September 2022): 767–808. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12464.
Sugianto, Fajar, dan Shintaro Tokuyama. “Beyond Administrative Sanctions: Reforming Insider Trading Regulation to Strengthen Investor Protection in Indonesia.” Jurnal Media Hukum 32, no. 2 (Oktober 2025): 210–28. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v32i2.26257.
Sujana, Made Sinta Syaharani. “Analysis of Legal Protection of Investors in Capital Markets: Perspective of Law No. 8 of 1995, Law No. 21 of 2011, and Law No. 11 Year 2020.” Jurnal Hukum Prasada 11, no. 2 (Oktober 2024): 99–103. https://doi.org/10.22225/jhp.11.2.2024.99-103.
Suseno, Yusup, Darmaputra Lastuti, Abubakar Sigid, dan Ivan Yustiavandana. “Beneficial Ownership Transparency In Law Enforcement Of Money Laundering Act Involving Corporations.” Russian Law Journal 11, no. 5s (April 2023): 69–83. https://doi.org/10.52783/rlj.v11i5s.893.
Suwardi, Eko, dan Arfah Habib Saragih. “The effect of tax risk on audit report delay: Empirical evidence from Indonesia.” Cogent Business & Management 10, no. 1 (Desember 2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2192315.
Suwarjana, I Made. “The Immunity of the Administration of State Financial Policy and Financial Stability System in Emergency.” Yuridika 37, no. 1 (Maret 2022): 125–52. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v37i1.34595.
Syakur, Syahrijal. “Pertanggungjawaban Pidana oleh Pemilik Manfaat (Beneficial Owner) sebagai Pelaku Pencucian Uang dan Kejahatan Lainnya dalam Perseroan Terbatas.” AML/CFT Journal: The Journal of Anti Money Laundering and Countering the Financing Terrorism 1, no. 1 (Desember 2022): 101–12. https://doi.org/10.59593/amlcft.2022.v1i1.28.
Tan, David. “Metode Penelitian Hukum: Mengupas Dan Mengulas Metodologi Dalam Menyelenggarakan Penelitian Hukum.” Nusantara: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial 8, no. 8 (2021): 2463–78. http://jurnal.um-tapsel.ac.id/index.php/nusantara/article/view/5601/3191.
Teixeira, Glória, Maria Filipa Pinho, dan Hugo Teixeira. “Access to Financial Information for Tax Purposes and Proportionality – Balancing Public Interest with the Protection of Privacy.” Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 3, no. 39 (September 2023): 7–14. https://doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.3.39.01.
Tertychnyi, Pavlo, Mariia Godgildieva, Marlon Dumas, dan Madis Ollikainen. “Time-aware and interpretable predictive monitoring system for Anti-Money Laundering.” Machine Learning with Applications 8 (Juni 2022): 100306. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MLWA.2022.100306.
Thomas-James, Dominic. “Editorial: Interdicting economic crime through beneficial ownership: an international standard at last?” Journal of Money Laundering Control 25, no. 3 (Juni 2022): 489–92. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-05-2022-150.
Wulan Wuryandari, Rr. Utji Sri, Agus Surono, dan Supaphorn Akkapin. “Challenges For Capital Market Investors Post Effectiveness UU No.4 Of 2023 Concernng Development and Strengthening The Financial Sector In Indonesia.” Journal Evidence Of Law 3, no. 3 (Desember 2024): 601–13. https://doi.org/10.59066/jel.v3i3.971.
Yanuar, Muh Afdal. “Discrepancy Between the Object of Reporting Obligation for Banks Under Anti Money Laundering Law and That Which Must Be Kept Confidential Under Anti-Tipping Off Provisions.” AML/CFT Journal The Journal of Anti Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism 2, no. 1 (Desember 2023): 45–57. https://doi.org/10.59593/amlcft.2023.v2i1.73.
Yu, Chen. “Towards a three-tiered ombuds system for investment dispute prevention: principles and challenges.” Asia Pacific Law Review 30, no. 2 (Juli 2022): 401–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10192557.2022.2073710.
Zhou, Yadong, Bowen Hu, Junjie Zhang, Liyuan Sun, Xingyu Zhu, dan Ting Liu. “Detecting suspicious transactions in a virtual-currency-enabled online social network.” Journal of Network and Computer Applications 211 (Februari 2023): 103555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2022.103555.