Article 411 of Indonesia’s Criminal Code and Bugis Customary Norms on Adultery: A Doctrinal Comparison
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Abstract
This study compares the offense of adultery under Article 411 of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code with discussions of adultery, siri’ and malaweng in Bugis customary-law scholarship. It uses normative legal research, combining statutory interpretation with a qualified review of written customary-law and ethnographic materials. The comparison addresses the prohibited act, protected interests, persons entitled to initiate proceedings, competent authorities, sanctions, objectives and sphere of application. Article 411 punishes sexual intercourse with a person other than one’s spouse, including intercourse between unmarried persons, and makes prosecution dependent on a complaint from statutorily designated family members. Cohabitation is a separate offense under Article 412. In the Bugis materials considered, breaches of sexual propriety may also implicate family honor and social relationships; however, malaweng is a broader category and customary procedures and sanctions vary by community and time. The article finds points of convergence in the protection of marriage and social order, but cautions against treating plural customary norms as a single enforceable regime. Customary reconciliation does not independently displace the procedural requirements of Article 411. The proposed framework requires location-specific empirical validation before claims can be made about contemporary customary enforcement.
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References
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