Juridical Analysis of Civil Liability of Livestock Business Actors for Environmental Pollution
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Abstract
This study examines the construction of civil liability for livestock business actors causing environmental pollution through the relationship between Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code and the special regime under Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, as subsequently amended under the Job Creation framework. It employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and limited case approaches. The study finds that liability cannot be determined merely from the sectoral label of a livestock enterprise. Article 1365 remains relevant where a claimant must establish an unlawful act, fault, loss, and causation, while Article 87 of the Environmental Law strengthens compensation and environmental-restoration obligations. Article 88 continues to use the concept of absolute liability, although the post-Job Creation wording has generated debate about the applicable evidentiary standard. Ordinary organic livestock waste is not automatically classified as hazardous and toxic waste; consequently, Article 88 should not be applied solely because pollution originates from a farm. Its use requires a functional assessment of the activity, including the use or management of hazardous substances or waste and whether the activity creates a serious environmental threat. The article proposes a risk-based and evidence-based liability framework, supported by scientific evidence and the polluter pays principle, to reconcile legal certainty for business actors with effective protection of affected communities and environmental restoration.
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